| | This is an important attempt to write an economic history of nineteenth and early twentieth century East Africa in terms of the development of underdevelopment. It draws on a wide range of documentary material to support the view that East Africans were still learning to increase their control over the environment up to 1890, and that declines in population and loss of environment control only set in after that date, and were directly or indirectly associated with the European colonization. The main sources are as follows: |